// Copyright (c) 2008-2009 Nokia Corporation and/or its subsidiary(-ies).

 // All rights reserved.

 // This component and the accompanying materials are made available

 // under the terms of "Eclipse Public License v1.0"

 // which accompanies this distribution, and is available

 // at the URL "http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html".

 //

 // Initial Contributors:

 // Nokia Corporation - initial contribution.

 //

 // Contributors:

 //

 // Description:

 //

 #include <e32base.h>

 #include <estring.h>

 const TUint KDefaultExpandSize = 16;

 /**

 Aligns the supplied capacity to the nearest growth factor

 For performance reasons the growth factor, KDefaultExpandSizeShift,

 is expressed as an exponent of 2 so shifting can be used to achieve the

 alignment. 

 a KDefaultExpandSizeShift value of 4 is equivalent to 16; 

 giving newCapacity = ((newCapacity / 16) + 1) * 16

 @param aNewCapacity The size to be aligned

 @return The new, aligned capacity

 */

 static inline TInt AlignCapacity(TInt aNewCapacity)

 	{

 	const TUint KDefaultExpandSizeShift = 4;

 	return (TInt)((((TUint)aNewCapacity >> KDefaultExpandSizeShift) + 1) << KDefaultExpandSizeShift);

 	}

 /**

 Guarantees that MaxLength() is greater than or equal to the supplied

 capacity, reallocating the supplied capacity if necessary.

 The actual value of MaxLength() after a call may differ from the exact

 value requested, but if it does differ it will always be greater. This

 flexibility allows the implementation to manage heap buffers more

 efficiently.

 The string descriptor's heap buffer may be reallocated in order to

 accommodate the new size. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aMinRequiredCapacity The minimum value of MaxLength() required

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 */

 void LString8::ReserveL(TInt aMinRequiredCapacity)

 	{

 	if (MaxLength() < aMinRequiredCapacity)

 		{

 		ReAllocL(AlignCapacity(aMinRequiredCapacity));

 		}

 	}

 /**

 Guarantees that MaxLength() is greater than or equal to the supplied

 integer parameter, growing the underlying heap buffer if necessary.

 The growth is exponential; maxLength *= 1.5

 This is reported to give an amortised complexity of O(n) when adding

 n characters. 

 If the required capacity is larger than the expanded size then the

 required capacity is used instead.

 The actual value of MaxLength() after a call may differ from the exact

 value requested, but if it does differ it will always be greater. This

 flexibility allows the implementation to manage heap buffers more

 efficiently.

 @param aRequiredCapacity The minimum value of MaxLength() required

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 */

 void LString8::ReserveCapacityGrowExponentialL(TInt aRequiredCapacity)

 	{

 	//work in unsigned int for the appropriate shift operation

 	TUint max_length = MaxLength();

 	TUint requiredCapacity = aRequiredCapacity; 

 	if (max_length < requiredCapacity)

 		{

 		// max_length *= 3/2;

 		max_length = (max_length + (max_length << 1)) >> 1;

 		// take the bigger of the extended buffer or the required capactiy 

 		ReAllocL(AlignCapacity((TInt)(max_length > requiredCapacity ? max_length : requiredCapacity)));

 		}

 	}

 /**

 Guarantees that free space in the buffer greater than or equal the 

 supplied integer parameter, growing the underlying heap buffer 

 if necessary.

 @param aRequiredEmptySpace The minimum value of free space required

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 */

 void LString8::ReserveFreeCapacityGrowExponentialL(TInt aRequiredEmptySpace)

 	{

 	ReserveCapacityGrowExponentialL(Length() + aRequiredEmptySpace);

 	}

 /**

 Grows the underlying buffer using the exponential growth 

 function. Guarantees that MaxLength() is greater than or 

 equal to 1.5 * the current MaxLength.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 */

 void LString8::ReserveCapacityGrowExponentialL()

 	{

 	ReserveCapacityGrowExponentialL(MaxLength() + 1);

 	}

 /**

 Default constructor.

 Constructs a zero-length 8-bit resizable string descriptor.

 Note that the resulting object owns no allocated memory yet. This

 default constructor never leaves.

 */

 EXPORT_C LString8::LString8() 

 	: iReserved(0)

 	{

 	}

 /**

 Destructor.

 Frees any heap-allocated resources owned by this string descriptor. It

 is safe to rely on this destructor to perform all necessary cleanup;

 it is not necessary use the cleanup stack or to call Close() manually.

 @see RBuf8::Close

 */

 EXPORT_C LString8::~LString8()

 	{

 	RBuf8::Close();

 	}

 /**

 Constructor to create a 8-bit resizable string descriptor with an

 initial capacity.

 The function allocates sufficient memory to contain descriptor data up to

 the specified initial maximum length. 

 The current length of the descriptor is set to zero. The maximum length of

 the descriptor is set to the specified value.

 @param aMaxLength  The maximum length of the descriptor.

 @leave KErrNoMemory If there is insufficient memory.

 @see RBuf8::CreateL

 */

 EXPORT_C LString8::LString8(TInt aMaxLength)

 	: iReserved(0)

 	{

 	RBuf8::CreateL(aMaxLength);

 	}

 /**

 Constructor to create a 8-bit resizable string descriptor from a

 pre-allocated heap descriptor.

 Transfers ownership of the specified heap descriptor to this object.

 @param aHBuf  The heap descriptor to be transferred to this object.

               This pointer can be NULL, which means that a zero length

               8-bit resizable string descriptor is created.

 @see RBuf8::RBuf8(HBufC8*)

 */

 EXPORT_C LString8::LString8(HBufC8* aHBuf)

 	: iReserved(0)

 	{

 	if (aHBuf)

 		RBuf8::Assign (aHBuf);

 	}

 /**

 Constructor to create a 8-bit resizable string descriptor from a

 pre-allocated raw heap buffer.

 The allocated memory forms the buffer for this string descriptor. The

 current length of the descriptor is set to zero.

 @param aHeapCell  The allocated memory to be assigned to this object. This

                   pointer can be NULL, which means that a zero length 8-bit

                   resizable buffer descriptor is created.

 @param aMaxLength The maximum length of the constructed string descriptor.

 @panic USER 8 If the specified maximum length is greater then the size of

               the allocated heap cell, or the specified maximum length

               is NOT zero when the pointer to the heap cell is NULL.

 @see RBuf8::Assign()

 */

 EXPORT_C LString8::LString8(TUint8* aHeapCell,TInt aMaxLength)

 	: iReserved(0)

 	{

 	RBuf8::Assign(aHeapCell, aMaxLength);

 	}

 /**

 Constructor to create a 8-bit resizable string descriptor from a

 pre-allocated raw heap buffer.

 The allocated memory forms the buffer for this string descriptor. The

 current length of the descriptor is set to the value of the second

 parameter.

 @param aHeapCell  The allocated memory to be assigned to this object.

 @param aLength	  The length of the resulting string descriptor.

 @param aMaxLength The maximum length of the resulting string descriptor.

 @panic USER 8 If the specified maximum length is greater then the size of

               the allocated heap cell, or the specified length is greater then

               the specified	maximum length, or the specified maximum length

               is NOT zero when the pointer to the heap cell is NULL.

 @see RBuf8::Assign()

 */

 EXPORT_C LString8::LString8(TUint8* aHeapCell,TInt aLength,TInt aMaxLength)

 	: iReserved(0)

 	{

 	RBuf8::Assign(aHeapCell, aLength, aMaxLength);

 	}

 /**

 Constructor to create a 8-bit resizable string descriptor to contain

 a copy of the specified (source) descriptor, or leave on failure.

 The constructor allocates sufficient memory so that this string

 descriptor's maximum length is the same as the length of the source

 descriptor. Both the current length and the maximum length of this

 string descriptor are set to the length of the source descriptor.

 The data contained in the source descriptor is copied into this string

 descriptor.

 @param aDes Source descriptor to be copied into this object.

 @leave KErrNoMemory If there is insufficient memory.

 @see RBuf8::CreateL()

 */

 EXPORT_C LString8::LString8(const TDesC8& aDes)

 	: iReserved(0)

 	{

 	RBuf8::CreateL(aDes);

 	}

 /**

 Copies data into this 8-bit string descriptor, replacing any existing

 data, and expanding its heap buffer to accommodate if necessary.

 The length of this descriptor is set to reflect the new data.

 This operation may cause the target string descriptor's heap buffer to

 be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a result,

 MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards, and any

 existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be invalidated.

 Note that the automatic resizing performed is a change to the

 functionality of this operation compared to other descriptor

 classes. This change is only active on objects directly declared

 LString8; when LString8 instances are instead manipulated via

 references to TDes8 or TDesC8, the standard (non-resizing, panicing)

 variant is invoked.

 @param aDes A 8-bit non-modifiable descriptor.

 @return A reference to this 8-bit string descriptor.

 @@leave KErrNoMemory If the heap buffer of the string descriptor being

               assigned to needs to be expanded, but there is

               insufficient memory to do so

 @see LString8::CopyL

 */

 EXPORT_C LString8& LString8::operator=(const TDesC8& aDes)

 	{

 	CopyL(aDes);

 	return *this;

 	}

 /**

 Transfers ownership of the specified 8-bit descriptor to this object. 

 @param aBuf The source 8-bit buffer. The ownership of this

              object's buffer is to be transferred.

 @see Assign()

 */

 EXPORT_C LString8& LString8::operator=(HBufC8* aBuf)

 	{

 	Assign(aBuf); 

 	return *this;

 	}

 /**

 Copies data into this 8-bit string descriptor, replacing any existing

 data, and expanding its heap buffer to accommodate if necessary.

 The length of this descriptor is set to reflect the new data.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aDes A 8-bit non-modifiable descriptor.

 @leave KErrNoMemory If the heap buffer of the string descriptor being

               assigned to needs to be expanded, but there is

               insufficient memory to do so

 @see LString8::operator=

 @see TDes8::Copy

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::CopyL(const TDesC8& aDes)

 	{

 	ReserveL(aDes.Length());

 	RBuf8::Copy(aDes);

 	}

 /**

 Copies data into this 8-bit string descriptor, replacing any existing

 data, and expanding its heap buffer to accommodate if necessary.

 The length of this descriptor is set to reflect the new data.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aDes A 16-bit non-modifiable descriptor.A 16-bit non-modifiable descriptor.

 			Each double-byte value can 

             only be copied into the corresponding single byte when the

             double-byte value is less than decimal 256. A double-byte value of

             256 or greater cannot be  copied and the corresponding single byte

             is set to a value of decimal 1.

 @leave KErrNoMemory If the heap buffer of the string descriptor being

        assigned to needs to be expanded, but there is

        insufficient memory to do so

 @see TDes8::Copy

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::CopyL(const TDesC16& aDes)

 {

 	ReserveL(aDes.Length());

 	RBuf8::Copy(aDes);

 }

 /**

 Copy constructor to create a 8-bit resizable string descriptor to

 contain a copy of the specified (source) string descriptor's data, or

 leave on failure.

 The constructor allocates sufficient memory so that this string

 descriptor's maximum length is the same as the length of the source

 string descriptor. Both the current length and the maximum length of

 this string descriptor are set to the length of the source descriptor.

 The data contained in the source string descriptor is copied into this

 string descriptor.

 @param aDes Source string descriptor to be copied into this object.

 @leave KErrNoMemory If there is insufficient memory.

 @see RBuf8::CreateL()

 */

 EXPORT_C LString8::LString8(const LString8& aDes)

 	: iReserved(0)

 	{

 	RBuf8::CreateL(aDes);

 	}

 /**

 Copies data into this 8-bit string descriptor, replacing any existing

 data, and expanding its heap buffer to accommodate if necessary.

 The length of this descriptor is set to reflect the new data.

 This operation may cause the target string descriptor's heap buffer to

 be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a result,

 MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards, and any

 existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be invalidated.

 Note that the automatic resizing performed is a change to the

 functionality of this operation compared to other descriptor

 classes. This change is only active on objects directly declared

 LString8; when LString8 instances are instead manipulated via

 references to TDes8 or TDesC8, the standard (non-resizing, panicing)

 variant is invoked.

 @param aDes A 8-bit string descriptor.

 @return A reference to this 8-bit string descriptor.

 @leave KErrNoMemory If the heap buffer of the string descriptor being

               assigned to needs to be expanded, but there is

               insufficient memory to do so

 @see LString8::CopyL

 */

 EXPORT_C LString8& LString8::operator=(const LString8& aDes)

 	{

 	CopyL(aDes);

 	return *this;

 	}

 /**

 Constructor to create a 8-bit resizable string descriptor containing

 a copy of the specified (source) zero-terminated string data, or leave

 on failure.

 The constructor allocates sufficient memory so that this string

 descriptor's maximum length is the same as the length of the source

 string. Both the current length and the maximum length of this string

 descriptor are set to the length of the source string. 

 The data contained in the source string is copied into this string

 descriptor. The zero terminator is not copied.

 @param aZeroTerminatedString A pointer to a zero-terminated string

 @leave KErrNoMemory If there is insufficient memory.

 @see LString8::CopyL

 */

 EXPORT_C LString8::LString8(const TUint8* aZeroTerminatedString)

 	: iReserved(0)

 	{

 	CopyL(aZeroTerminatedString);

 	}

 /**

 Copies data into this 8-bit string descriptor, replacing any existing

 data, and expanding its heap buffer to accommodate if necessary.

 The length of this descriptor is set to reflect the new data.

 This operation may cause the target string descriptor's heap buffer to

 be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a result,

 MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards, and any

 existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be invalidated.

 Note that the automatic resizing performed is a change to the

 functionality of this operation compared to other descriptor

 classes. This change is only active on objects directly declared

 LString8; when LString8 instances are instead manipulated via

 references to TDes8 or TDesC8, the standard (non-resizing, panicing)

 variant is invoked.

 @param aZeroTerminatedString A pointer to a zero-terminated string

 @return A reference to this 8-bit string descriptor.

 @leave KErrNoMemory If the heap buffer of the string descriptor being

               assigned to needs to be expanded, but there is

               insufficient memory to do so

 @see LString8::CopyL

 */

 EXPORT_C LString8& LString8::operator=(const TUint8* aZeroTerminatedString)

 	{

 	CopyL(aZeroTerminatedString);

 	return *this;

 	}

 /**

 Copies data into this 8-bit string descriptor, replacing any existing

 data, and expanding its heap buffer to accommodate if necessary.

 The length of this descriptor is set to reflect the new data.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aZeroTerminatedString A pointer to a zero-terminated string

 @leave KErrNoMemory If the heap buffer of the string descriptor being

               assigned to needs to be expanded, but there is

               insufficient memory to do so

 @see LString8::operator=

 @see TDes8::Copy

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::CopyL(const TUint8* aZeroTerminatedString)

 	{

 	ReserveL(User::StringLength(aZeroTerminatedString));

 	RBuf8::Copy(aZeroTerminatedString);

 	}

 /**

 Copies data into this 8-bit string descriptor, replacing any existing

 data, and expanding its heap buffer to accommodate if necessary.

 The length of this descriptor is set according to the second

 parameter.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aBuf    The start address of data to be copied. 

 @param aLength The length of data to be copied.

 @leave KErrNoMemory If the heap buffer of the string descriptor being

               assigned to needs to be expanded, but there is

               insufficient memory to do so

 @panic USER 11  if aLength is negative.

 @see TDes8::Copy

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::CopyL(const TUint8* aBuf,TInt aLength)

 	{

 	ReserveL(aLength);

 	RBuf8::Copy(aBuf, aLength);

 	}

 /**

 Sets the length of the data represented by the string descriptor to

 the specified value.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aLength The new length of the descriptor.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 @panic USER 11 if aLength is negative 

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::SetLengthL(TInt aLength)

 	{

 	ReserveL(aLength);

 	RBuf8::SetLength(aLength);

 	}

 /**

 Sets the storage space allocated to this descriptor to the specified 

 value by growing or compressing its buffer size.

 If the current length of the descriptor is greater than the specified

 max length, length is truncated to max length.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aMaxLength The new maximum length of the descriptor.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the the buffer needs to be

 reallocated and there are insufficient resources to do so 

 @panic USER 11 if aLength is negative 

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::SetMaxLengthL(TInt aMaxLength)

 	{

 	if (MaxLength() == aMaxLength) 

 		{

 		return;

 		}

 	if (Length() > aMaxLength) 

 		{

 		// truncate the current length

 		RBuf8::SetLength(aMaxLength);

 		}

 	ReAllocL(aMaxLength);

 	}

 /**

 Ensures that the remaining unused space is more than the supplied value. 

 May reallocate a larger storage space to meet the requirement.

 As a result MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 Typically, you use this method to reserve a known amount of required space

 in one go instead of relying on the automatic growth pattern.

 @param aExtraSpaceLength The extra space required.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the the buffer needs to be

 reallocated and there are insufficient resources to do so.

 @panic USER 11 if aLength is negative 

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::ReserveFreeCapacityL(TInt aExtraSpaceLength)

 	{

 	ReserveL(Length() + aExtraSpaceLength);

 	}

 /**

 Re-initialises the descriptor destroying its payload  

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::Reset()

 	{

 	RBuf8::Close();

 	}

 /**

 Re-allocates a smaller descriptor buffer space to the current 

 descriptor length 

 This may cause the string descriptor's heap buffer to be reallocated

 in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 If there is insufficient memory to re-allocate the buffer then the

 descriptor left unchanged

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::Compress()

 	{

 	TInt length = Length();

 	if (MaxLength() > length)

 		{

 		//coverity[checked_return]

 		/*Check for return value from realloc is not needed because neither can 

 		* maxlength be negative or length be less than the existing data length

 		*/

 		ReAlloc(length);

 		}

 	}

 /**

 Appends data onto the end of this descriptor's data.

 The length of this descriptor is incremented to reflect the new content.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aChar A single character to be appended. The length of the descriptor 

              is incremented by one.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 @see LString8::operator+=

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::AppendL(TChar aChar)

 	{

 	ReserveFreeCapacityGrowExponentialL(1);

 	RBuf8::Append(aChar);

 	}

 /**

 Appends data onto the end of this descriptor's data.

 The length of this descriptor is incremented to reflect the new content.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aChar A single character to be appended. The length of the descriptor 

              is incremented by one.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 @see LString8::AppendL

 */

 EXPORT_C LString8& LString8::operator+=(TChar aChar)

 	{

 	AppendL(aChar); 

 	return *this;

 	}

 /**

 Appends data onto the end of this descriptor's data.

 The length of this descriptor is incremented to reflect the new content.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aDes A 8-bit non modifiable descriptor whose data is to be appended.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::AppendL(const TDesC8& aDes)

 	{

 	ReserveFreeCapacityGrowExponentialL(aDes.Length());

 	RBuf8::Append(aDes);

 	}

 /**

 Appends data onto the end of this descriptor's data.

 The length of this descriptor is incremented to reflect the new content.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aDes A 8-bit non modifiable descriptor whose data is to be appended.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 @see LString8::AppendL

 */

 EXPORT_C LString8& LString8::operator+=(const TDesC8& aDes)

 	{

 	AppendL(aDes); 

 	return *this;

 	}

 /**

 Appends data onto the end of this descriptor's data.

 The length of this descriptor is incremented to reflect the new content.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aBuf    A pointer to the data to be copied.

 @param aLength The length of data to be copied.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 @panic USER 17  if aLength is negative.

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::AppendL(const TUint8* aBuf,TInt aLength)

 	{

 	ReserveFreeCapacityGrowExponentialL(aLength);

 	RBuf8::Append(aBuf, aLength);

 	}

 /** 

 Fills the descriptor's data area with the specified character, replacing any 

 existing data.

 The descriptor is filled with the specified number of characters,

 and its length is changed to reflect this.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aChar   The fill character.

 @param aLength The new length of the descriptor and the number of fill characters 

                to be copied into it. 

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 @panic USER 11  if aLength is negative

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::FillL(TChar aChar,TInt aLength)

 	{

 	ReserveL(aLength);

 	RBuf8::Fill(aChar, aLength);

 	}

 /**

 Fills the descriptor's data area with binary zeroes, i.e. 0x0000, replacing any 

 existing data, and changes its length.

 The descriptor is filled with the specified number of binary zeroes.

 The descriptor's length is changed to reflect this.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aLength The new length of the descriptor and the number of binary zeroes

                to be copied into it. 

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 @panic USER 11  if aLength is negative

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::FillZL(TInt aLength)

 	{

 	ReserveL(aLength);

 	RBuf8::FillZ(aLength);

 	}

 /**

 Converts the specified unsigned integer into a fixed width character

 representation based on the specified number system and copies the conversion

 into this descriptor, replacing any existing data.

 The length of this descriptor is set to reflect the new data.

 The function generates the exact number of specified characters, either padding 

 to the left with character zeroes or discarding low order characters as necessary.

 When a hexadecimal conversion is specified, hexadecimal characters are in 

 lower case.

 This function is equivalent to using Format() with parameters which specify:

 1. a fixed length target field

 2. padding with zero characters, for example "%08x".

 When this is the case, always use NumFixedWidth() in preference 

 to Format() as it is more efficient.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aVal   The unsigned integer value. 

 @param aRadix The number system representation for the unsigned integer. 

 @param aWidth The number of characters: to be used to contain the conversion, 

               to be copied into this descriptor.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::NumFixedWidthL(TUint aVal,TRadix aRadix,TInt aWidth)

 	{

 	Zero();

 	AppendNumFixedWidthL(aVal, aRadix, aWidth);

 	}

 /**

 Converts the specified unsigned integer into a fixed width character

 representation based on the specified number system and appends the conversion

 onto the end of this descriptor's data.

 The length of this descriptor is incremented to reflect the new content.

 The function generates the exact number of specified characters, either padding 

 to the left with character zeroes or discarding low order characters as

 necessary.

 When a hexadecimal conversion is specified, hexadecimal characters are in 

 lower case.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aVal   The unsigned integer value. 

 @param aRadix The number system representation for the unsigned integer. 

 @param aWidth The number of characters to be used to contain the conversion,

               and to be appended to this descriptor.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::AppendNumFixedWidthL(TUint aVal,TRadix aRadix,TInt aWidth)

 	{

 	ReserveFreeCapacityGrowExponentialL(aWidth);

 	RBuf8::AppendNumFixedWidth(aVal, aRadix, aWidth);

 	}

 /**

 Appends a zero terminator onto the end of this descriptor's data and returns 

 a pointer to the data.

 The length of the descriptor is not changed, but the capacity of the

 descriptor may need to be grown to accommodate the zero terminator.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @return A pointer to the descriptor's zero terminated data.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 */

 EXPORT_C const TUint8 *LString8::PtrZL()

 	{

 	ReserveFreeCapacityL(1);

 	return RBuf8::PtrZ();

 	}

 /**

 Copies and folds data from the specified descriptor into this descriptor replacing 

 any existing data.

 The length of this descriptor is set to reflect the new 

 data.

 Note that folding is locale-independent behaviour. It is also important to 

 note that there can be no guarantee that folding is in any way culturally 

 appropriate, and should not be used when dealing with strings in natural

 language.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aDes A 8-bit non-modifiable descriptor.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::CopyFL(const TDesC8& aDes)

 	{

 	ReserveL(aDes.Length());

 	RBuf8::CopyF(aDes);

 	}

 /**

 Copies and collates data from the specified descriptor

 into this descriptor replacing any existing data.

 The length of this descriptor is set to reflect the new data.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aDes A 8-bit non-modifiable descriptor.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::CopyCL(const TDesC8& aDes)

 	{

 	ReserveL(aDes.Length());

 	RBuf8::CopyC(aDes);

 	}

 /**

 Copies text from the specified descriptor and converts it to lower case before 

 putting it into this descriptor, replacing any existing data.

 The length of this descriptor is set to reflect the new data.

 Conversion to lower case is implemented as appropriate to the current locale.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aDes A 8-bit non modifiable descriptor.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::CopyLCL(const TDesC8& aDes)

 	{

 	ReserveL(aDes.Length());

 	RBuf8::CopyLC(aDes);

 	}

 /**

 Copies text from the specified descriptor and converts it to upper case before 

 putting it into this descriptor, replacing any existing data.

 The length of this descriptor is set to reflect the new data.

 Conversion to upper case is implemented as appropriate to the current locale.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aDes A 8-bit non modifiable descriptor.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::CopyUCL(const TDesC8& aDes)

 	{

 	ReserveL(aDes.Length());

 	RBuf8::CopyUC(aDes);

 	}

 /**

 Copies text from the specified descriptor and capitalises it before putting 

 it into this descriptor, replacing any existing data.

 The length of this descriptor is set to reflect the new data.

 Capitalisation is implemented as appropriate to the current locale.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aDes A 8-bit non-modifiable descriptor.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::CopyCPL(const TDesC8& aDes)

 	{

 	ReserveL(aDes.Length());

 	RBuf8::CopyCP(aDes);

 	}

 /**

 Appends and fills this descriptor with the specified character.

 The descriptor is appended with the specified number of characters.

 and its length is changed to reflect this.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aChar   The fill character. 

 @param aLength The number of fill characters to be appended.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 @panic USER 11  if aLength is negative

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::AppendFillL(TChar aChar,TInt aLength)

 	{

 	ReserveFreeCapacityGrowExponentialL(aLength);

 	RBuf8::AppendFill(aChar, aLength);

 	}

 /**

 Appends a zero terminator onto the end of this descriptor's data.

 The length of the descriptor is not changed, but the capacity of the

 descriptor may need to be grown to accommodate the zero terminator.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::ZeroTerminateL()

 	{

 	ReserveFreeCapacityL(1);

 	RBuf8::ZeroTerminate();

 	}

 /**

 Swaps the data represented by this descriptor with the data represented by 

 the specified descriptor.

 The lengths of both descriptors are also swapped to reflect the change.

 Note that each descriptor must be capable of accommodating the contents of

 the other descriptor.

 Each descriptor must be capable of accommodating the contents of the

 other descriptor. If the maximum length of the descriptor parameter is

 smaller than the length of the target LString8, then the function

 raises a USER 11 panic. The target LString8 will be grown if

 necessary to accommodate the descriptor parameter's data.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aDes The 8-bit modifiable descriptor whose data is to be swapped with 

             the data of this descriptor.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 @panic USER 11  if the maximum length of the descriptor parameter is smaller than the 

                 length of the target LString8 

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::SwapL(TDes8& aDes)

 	{

 	ReserveL(aDes.Length());

 	TDes8::Swap(aDes);

 	}

 /**

 Swaps the data represented by this string descriptor with the data

 represented by the specified string descriptor.

 The lengths of both string descriptors are also swapped to reflect the

 change, and their buffers grown as necessary to accommodate the data

 they receive.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aDes The 8-bit modifiable string descriptor whose data is to be swapped with 

             the data of this descriptor.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if one of the underlying buffers needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::SwapL(LString8& aDes)

 	{

 	this->ReserveL(aDes.Length());

 	aDes.ReserveL(this->Length());

 	TDes8::Swap(aDes);

 	}

 /**

 Inserts data into this descriptor.

 The length of this descriptor is changed to reflect the extra data.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aPos The position within the data where insertion is to start. This 

             is an offset value; a zero value refers to the leftmost data

             position.

 @param aDes A 8-bit non modifiable descriptor whose data is to be inserted.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 @panic USER 10  if aPos is negative or is greater than the length of this

                 descriptor.

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::InsertL(TInt aPos,const TDesC8& aDes)

 	{

 	ReserveFreeCapacityGrowExponentialL(aDes.Length());

 	RBuf8::Insert(aPos, aDes);

 	}

 /**

 Replaces data in this descriptor.

 The specified length can be different to the length of the replacement data.

 The length of this descriptor changes to reflect the change of data.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aPos    The position within the data where replacement is to start. 

                This is an offset value; a zero value refers to the leftmost

                data position. 

 @param aLength The length of data to be replaced.

 @param aDes    The source 8-bit non modifiable descriptor whose data is to

                replace the target descriptor's data at aPos.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 @panic USER  8  if aLength is negative 

 @panic USER 10  if aPos is negative or is greater than the length of this

                 descriptor.

 @panic USER 16  if the length of the source descriptor aDes is negative 

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::ReplaceL(TInt aPos,TInt aLength,const TDesC8& aDes)

 	{

 	TInt delta = aDes.Length() - aLength;

 	if (delta > 0)

 		{

 		ReserveFreeCapacityGrowExponentialL(delta);

 		}

 	RBuf8::Replace(aPos, aLength, aDes);

 	}

 /**

 Copies data into this descriptor and justifies it, replacing any existing data.

 The length of this descriptor is set to reflect the new data.

 The target area is considered to be an area of specified width positioned at

 the beginning of this descriptor's data area. Source data is copied into, and

 aligned within this target area according to the specified alignment

 instruction.

 If the length of the target area is larger than the length of the source, then

 spare space within the target area is padded with the fill character.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aDes        A 8-bit non-modifiable descriptor containing the source data.

                    The length of the data to be copied is the smaller of:

                    the length of the source descriptor, and 

                    the width of the target area (only if this is not the

                    explicit negative value KDefaultJustifyWidth).

 @param aWidth      The width of the target area. If this has the specific

                    negative value KDefaultJustifyWidth, then the width is

                    re-set to the length of the data source.

 @param aAlignment The alignment of the data within the target area

 @param aFill       The fill character used to pad the target area. 

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 @panic USER 11  if aWidth has a negative value other than KDefaultJustifyWidth.

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::JustifyL(const TDesC8& aDes,TInt aWidth,TAlign aAlignment,TChar aFill)

 	{

 	TInt width = (aWidth == KDefaultJustifyWidth ? aDes.Length() : aWidth);

 	ReserveL(width);

 	RBuf8::Justify(aDes, aWidth, aAlignment, aFill);

 	}

 /** 

 Converts the specified unsigned integer into a fixed width character

 representation based on the specified number system and copies the conversion

 into this descriptor, replacing any existing data.

 The length of this descriptor is set to reflect the new data.

 The function generates the exact number of specified characters, either padding 

 to the left with character zeroes or discarding low order characters as

 necessary.

 When a hexadecimal conversion is specified, hexadecimal characters are in 

 upper case.

 This function is equivalent to using Format() with parameters which specify:

 1. a fixed length target field

 2. padding with zero characters, for example "%08x".

 When this is the case, always use NumFixedWidthUC() in 

 preference to Format() as it is more efficient.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aVal   The unsigned integer value. 

 @param aRadix The number system representation for the unsigned integer. 

 @param aWidth The number of characters: to be used to contain the conversion, 

               to be copied into this descriptor.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 @see TDes8::Format()

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::NumFixedWidthUCL(TUint aVal,TRadix aRadix,TInt aWidth)

 	{

 	Zero();

 	AppendNumFixedWidthUCL(aVal, aRadix, aWidth);

 	}

 /**

 Converts the specified 64 bit unsigned integer into a character representation 

 based on the specified number system and copies the conversion into this

 descriptor, replacing any existing data.

 The length of this descriptor is set to reflect the new data.

 When a hexadecimal conversion is specified, hexadecimal characters are in 

 upper case.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aVal   The 64 bit integer value. This is always treated as an unsigned

               value for all builds. 

 @param aRadix The number system representation for the 64 bit integer. If no 

               explicit value is specified, then EDecimal is the default.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::NumUCL(TUint64 aVal, TRadix aRadix)

 	{

 	Zero();

 	AppendNumUCL(aVal, aRadix);

 	}

 /**

 Converts the specified floating point number into a character representation 

 and copies the conversion into this descriptor, replacing any existing data.

 The length of this descriptor is set to reflect the new data.

 The character representation of the real number is dictated by the specified 

 format.

 Note that the function leaves if the iType data member of the specified

 TRealFormat object has both an invalid character representation format

 (i.e. the format type) and invalid format flags.	        

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aVal    The floating point number to be converted. 

 @param aFormat The format of the conversion. 

 @return If the conversion is successful, the length of this descriptor. If 

         the conversion fails, a negative value indicating the cause of failure.

         In addition, extra information on the cause of the failure may be

         appended onto this descriptor. The possible values and their meaning

         are:

         1.KErrArgument - the supplied floating point number is not a valid

           number. The three characters NaN are appended to this descriptor.

         2.KErrOverflow - the number is too large to represent.

         2.1 For positive overflow, the three characters Inf are appended 

             to this descriptor.

         2.2 For negative overflow, the four characters -Inf are appended 

 	        to this descriptor.

 	    3.KErrUnderflow - the number is too small to represent.

 	    3.1 For positive underflow, the three characters Inf are appended

 	        to this descriptor. 

         3.2	For negative underflow, the four characters -Inf are appended

             to this descriptor. 

 	    4.KErrGeneral - the conversion cannot be completed. There are a

 	      number of possible reasons for this, but the most common is:

 	    4.1 The character representation format (i.e. the format type), as

 	        defined in the TRealFormat object is not recognised.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 @see TRealFormat::iType

 */

 EXPORT_C TInt LString8::NumL(TReal aVal,const TRealFormat& aFormat)

 	{

 	Zero();

 	return AppendNumL(aVal, aFormat);

 	}

 /**

 Converts the 64-bit signed integer into a decimal character representation 

 and copies the conversion into this descriptor, replacing any existing data. 

 The length of this descriptor is set to reflect the new data.

 If the integer is negative, the character representation is prefixed by a 

 minus sign.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aVal The 64-bit signed integer value.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::NumL(TInt64 aVal)

 	{

 	Zero();

 	AppendNumL(aVal);

 	}

 /**

 Converts the specified 64 bit unsigned integer into a character representation 

 based on the specified number system and copies the conversion into this

 descriptor, replacing any existing data.

 The length of this descriptor is set to reflect the new data.

 When a hexadecimal conversion is specified, hexadecimal characters are in 

 lower case.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aVal   The 64 bit integer value. This is treated as an unsigned

               value for all builds. 

 @param aRadix The number system representation for the 64 bit integer.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::NumL(TUint64 aVal, TRadix aRadix)

 	{

 	Zero();

 	AppendNumL(aVal, aRadix);

 	}

 /**

 Formats and copies text into this descriptor, replacing any existing data.

 The length of this descriptor is set to reflect the new data.

 The function takes a format string and a variable number of arguments.

 The format string contains literal text embedded with directives for converting

 the trailing list of arguments into text.

 The embedded directives are character sequences prefixed with the '%' character.

 The literal text is simply copied into this descriptor unaltered while

 the '%' directives are used to convert successive arguments from the

 trailing list.

 The resulting stream of literal text and converted arguments is copied into

 this descriptor.

 The syntax of the embedded directives follows one of four general patterns.

 Note that formatting of single numerical values can be achieved more

 conveniently using the Num() and NumUC() member functions of this class.

 The full description of the syntax of a format string cannot be	included here.

 For full details, navigate to the Symbian OS guide, and follow the hierarchy of links:

 @code

 Symbian OS Guide

 	Base

 		Using  User Library (E32)

 			Buffers and Strings

 				Using Descriptors

 					How to Use Descriptors

 						Format string syntax

 @endcode

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aFmt The descriptor containing the format string.

             The TRefByValue class provides a constructor which takes a

             TDesC8 type.

 @param ...  A variable number of arguments to be converted to text as

             dictated by the format string. 

 @panic USER 12  if the format string has incorrect syntax.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 @see TDes8::Num()

 @see TDes8::NumUC()

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::FormatL(TRefByValue<const TDesC8> aFmt,...)

 	{

     VA_LIST list;

     VA_START(list,aFmt);

     FormatListL(aFmt,list);

 	}

 /**

 Formats and copies text into this descriptor, replacing any existing data.

 The length of this descriptor is set to reflect the new data.

 The behaviour of this function is the same as FormatL(). In practice, it is 

 better and easier to use FormatL(), passing a variable number of arguments 

 as required by the format string.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aFmt  The descriptor containing the format string.

 @param aList A pointer to an argument list.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 @see TDes8::Format()

 @see VA_LIST

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::FormatListL(const TDesC8& aFmt,VA_LIST aList)

 	{

 	Zero();

 	AppendFormatListL(aFmt, aList);

 	}

 /**

 Appends data onto the end of this descriptor's data and justifies it.

 The source of the appended data is an existing descriptor.

 The target area is considered to be an area of specified width, immediately 

 following this descriptor's existing data. Source data is copied into, and 

 aligned within this target area according to the specified alignment instruction.

 If the length of the target area is larger than the length of the source, 

 then spare space within the target area is padded with the fill character.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aDes        A 8-bit non-modifiable descriptor containing the source

                    data. The length of the data to be copied is the smaller of:

                    the length of the source descriptor, and

                    the width of the target area (only if this is not the

                    explicit negative value KDefaultJustifyWidth). 

 @param aWidth      The width of the target area. If this has the specific

                    negative value KDefaultJustifyWidth, then the width is

 	               re-set to the length of the data source.

 @param aAlignment The alignment of the data within the target area. 

 @param aFill       The fill character used to pad the target area.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 @panic USER 11  if aWidth has a negative value other than KDefaultJustifyWidth.

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::AppendJustifyL(const TDesC8& Des,TInt aWidth,TAlign aAlignment,TChar aFill)

 	{

 	TInt width = (aWidth == KDefaultJustifyWidth ? Des.Length() : aWidth);

 	ReserveFreeCapacityGrowExponentialL(width);

 	RBuf8::AppendJustify(Des, aWidth, aAlignment, aFill);

 	}

 /**

 Appends data onto the end of this descriptor's data and justifies it.

 The source of the appended data is an existing descriptor.

 The target area is considered to be an area of specified width, immediately 

 following this descriptor's existing data. Source data is copied into, and 

 aligned within this target area according to the specified alignment instruction.

 If the length of the target area is larger than the length of the source, 

 then spare space within the target area is padded with the fill character.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aDes        An 8-bit non-modifiable descriptor containing the source data. 

 @param aLength     The length of data to be copied from the source descriptor. 

                    If this is greater than the width of the target area, then

                    the length of data copied is limited to the width.

                    The length of data to be copied must not be 	greater than

                    the length of the source descriptor. Note that this

                    condition is not automatically tested. 

 @param aWidth      The width of the target area. If this has the specific negative 

                    value KDefaultJustifyWidth, then the width is

                    re-set to the length of the data source.

 @param aAlignment The alignment of the data within the target area. 

 @param aFill       The fill character used to pad the target area.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 @panic USER 11  if aWidth has a negative value other than KDefaultJustifyWidth.

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::AppendJustifyL(const TDesC8& Des,TInt aLength,TInt aWidth,TAlign aAlignment,TChar aFill)

 	{

 	TInt width = (aWidth == KDefaultJustifyWidth ? aLength : aWidth);

 	ReserveFreeCapacityGrowExponentialL(width);

 	RBuf8::AppendJustify(Des, aLength, aWidth, aAlignment, aFill);

 	}

 /**

 Appends a zero terminated string onto the end of this descriptor's data and 

 justifies it.

 The zero terminator is not copied.

 The target area is considered to be an area of specified width, immediately 

 following this descriptor's existing data. Source data is copied into, and 

 aligned within, this target area according to the specified alignment instruction.

 If the length of the target area is larger than the length of the source, 

 then spare space within the target area is padded with the fill character.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aZeroTerminatedString     A pointer to a zero terminated string The length of the data 

                    to be copied is the smaller of: the length of the string (excluding the zero 

                    terminator), the width of the target area (only if this is not the explicit 

                    negative value KDefaultJustifyWidth). 

 @param aWidth      The width of the target area. If this has the specific negative 

                    value KDefaultJustifyWidth, then the width is re-set to the length of the 

                    zero terminated string (excluding the zero terminator).

 @param aAlignment The alignment of the data within the target area. 

 @param aFill       The fill character used to pad the target area.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 @panic USER 11  if aWidth has a negative value other than KDefaultJustifyWidth.

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::AppendJustifyL(const TUint8* aZeroTerminatedString,TInt aWidth,TAlign aAlignment,TChar aFill)

 	{

 	TInt width = (aWidth == KDefaultJustifyWidth ? User::StringLength(aZeroTerminatedString) : aWidth);

 	ReserveFreeCapacityGrowExponentialL(width);

 	RBuf8::AppendJustify(aZeroTerminatedString, aWidth, aAlignment, aFill);

 	}

 /**

 Appends data onto the end of this descriptor's data and justifies it.

 The source of the appended data is a memory location.

 The target area is considered to be an area of specified width, immediately 

 following this descriptor's existing data. Source data is copied into, and 

 aligned within, this target area according to the specified alignment instruction.

 If the length of the target area is larger than the length of the source, 

 then spare space within the target area is padded with the fill character.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aString     A pointer to a source memory location. 

 @param aLength     The length of data to be copied. If this is greater than the 

                    width of the target area, then the length of data copied is

                    limited to the width.

 @param aWidth      The width of the target area. If this has the specific negative 

                    value KDefaultJustifyWidth, then the width is

                    re-set to the length of the data source. 

 @param aAlignment The alignment of the data within the target area. 

 @param aFill       The fill character used to pad the target area.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 @panic USER 11  if aWidth has a negative value other than KDefaultJustifyWidth.

 @panic USER 17  if aLength is negative.  

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::AppendJustifyL(const TUint8* aString,TInt aLength,TInt aWidth,TAlign aAlignment,TChar aFill)

 	{

 	TInt width = (aWidth == KDefaultJustifyWidth ? aLength : aWidth);

 	ReserveFreeCapacityGrowExponentialL(width);

 	RBuf8::AppendJustify(aString, aLength, aWidth, aAlignment, aFill);

 	}

 /**

 Converts the specified unsigned integer into a fixed width character

 representation based on the specified number system and appends the conversion

 onto the end of this descriptor's data.

 The length of this descriptor is incremented to reflect the new content.

 The function generates the exact number of specified characters, either

 padding to the left with character zeroes or discarding low order characters

 as necessary.

 When a hexadecimal conversion is specified, hexadecimal characters are in 

 upper case.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aVal   The unsigned integer value. 

 @param aRadix The number system representation for the unsigned integer. 

 @param aWidth The number of characters: to be used to contain the conversion, 

               to be appended to this descriptor.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::AppendNumFixedWidthUCL(TUint aVal,TRadix aRadix,TInt aWidth)

 	{

 	ReserveFreeCapacityGrowExponentialL(aWidth);

 	RBuf8::AppendNumFixedWidthUC(aVal, aRadix, aWidth);

 	}

 /**

 Converts the specified 64 bit integer into a character representation 

 based on the specified number system and appends the conversion onto the end 

 of this descriptor's data.

 The length of this descriptor is incremented to reflect the new content.

 When a hexadecimal conversion is specified, hexadecimal characters are in 

 upper case.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aVal   The 64 bit integer value. This is always treated as an unsigned

               value. 

 @param aRadix The number system representation for the 64 bit integer. If no 

               explicit value is specified, then EDecimal is the default.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::AppendNumUCL(TUint64 aVal, TRadix aRadix)

 	{

 	ReserveFreeCapacityGrowExponentialL(64 + 1 + KDefaultExpandSize);

 	RBuf8::AppendNumUC(aVal, aRadix);

 	}

 /**

 Converts the specified floating point number into a character representation 

 and appends the conversion onto the end of this descriptor's data.

 The length of this descriptor is incremented to reflect the new content.

 The character representation of the real number is dictated by the specified 

 format.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aVal    The floating point number to be converted. 

 @param aFormat The format of the conversion. 

 @return If the conversion is successful, the length of this descriptor. If 

         the conversion fails, a negative value indicating the cause of failure.

         In addition, extra information on the cause of the failure may be

         appended onto this descriptor. The possible values and their meaning

         are:

         1.KErrArgument - the supplied floating point number is not a valid

           number. The three characters NaN are appended to this descriptor.

         2.KErrOverflow - the number is too large to represent.

         2.1 For positive overflow, the three characters Inf are appended 

             to this descriptor.

         2.2 For negative overflow, the four characters -Inf are appended 

 	        to this descriptor.

 	    3.KErrUnderflow - the number is too small to represent.

 	    3.1 For positive underflow, the three characters Inf are appended

 	        to this descriptor. 

         3.2	For negative underflow, the four characters -Inf are appended

             to this descriptor. 

 	    4.KErrGeneral - the conversion cannot be completed. There are a

 	      number of possible reasons for this, but the most common is:

 	    4.1 The character representation format (i.e. the format type), as

 	        defined in the TRealFormat object is not recognised.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 */

 EXPORT_C TInt LString8::AppendNumL(TReal aVal,const TRealFormat& aFormat) 

 	{

 	ReserveFreeCapacityGrowExponentialL(aFormat.iWidth + 1 + KDefaultExpandSize);

 	return RBuf8::AppendNum(aVal, aFormat);

 	}

 /**

 Converts the 64-bit signed integer into a decimal character representation 

 and appends the conversion onto the end of this descriptor's data.

 The length of this descriptor is incremented to reflect the new content.

 If the integer is negative, the character representation is prefixed by a 

 minus sign.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aVal The 64-bit signed integer value.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::AppendNumL(TInt64 aVal)

 	{

 	ReserveFreeCapacityGrowExponentialL(64 + 1 + KDefaultExpandSize); 

 	RBuf8::AppendNum(aVal);

 	}

 /**

 Converts the specified 64 bit integer into a character representation 

 based on the specified number system and appends the conversion onto the end 

 of this descriptor's data.

 The length of this descriptor is incremented to reflect the new content.

 When a hexadecimal conversion is specified, hexadecimal characters are in 

 lower case.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aVal   The 64 bit integer value. This is always treated as an unsigned

               value. 

 @param aRadix The number system representation for the 64 bit integer.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::AppendNumL(TUint64 aVal, TRadix aRadix)

 	{

 	ReserveFreeCapacityGrowExponentialL(64 + 1 + KDefaultExpandSize); 

 	RBuf8::AppendNum(aVal, aRadix);

 	}

 /**

 Formats and appends text onto the end of this descriptor's data.

 The length of this descriptor is incremented to reflect the new content.

 The function takes a format string and a variable number of arguments.

 The format string contains literal text, embedded with directives,

 for converting the trailing list of arguments into text.

 The embedded directives are character sequences prefixed with the '%' character.

 The literal text is simply copied into this descriptor unaltered while

 the '%' directives are used to convert successive arguments from the

 trailing list. See the description of the Format() function.

 Literal text is appended on a character by character basis, and the

 underlying buffer is grown as necessary to accommodate it.

 Text converted from a trailing argument is appended as a complete

 string, and the underlying buffer is grown as necessary to accommodate

 it.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aFmt             The 8-bit non-modifiable descriptor containing the

                         format string. The TRefByValue class provides a

                         constructor which takes a TDesC8 type. 

 @param ...              A variable number of arguments to be converted to text

                         as dictated by the format string. 

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 @panic USER 12  if the format string has incorrect syntax.

 @see TDes8::Format()

 @see TDes8Overflow::Overflow()

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::AppendFormatL(TRefByValue<const TDesC8> aFmt,...)

 	{

     VA_LIST list;

     VA_START(list,aFmt);

     AppendFormatListL(aFmt,list);

 	}

 class TRetryOverflow8 : public TDes8Overflow

 	{

 public:

 	TRetryOverflow8() : iOverflow(EFalse)

 		{

 		}

 	virtual void Overflow(TDes8& /*aDes*/)

 		{

 		iOverflow = ETrue;

 		}

 	TBool iOverflow;

 	};

 /**

 Formats and appends text onto the end of this descriptor's data.

 The length of this descriptor is incremented to reflect the new content.

 The behaviour of this function is the same as

 AppendFormatL(TRefByValue<const TDesC8> aFmt,TDes8Overflow *aOverflowHandler,...).

 In practice, it is better and easier to use AppendFormat(), passing a variable number of 

 arguments as required by the format string.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aFmt          The descriptor containing the format string.

 @param aList            A pointer to an argument list.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 @see TDes8::AppendFormat

 @see VA_LIST 

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::AppendFormatListL(const TDesC8& aFmt,VA_LIST aList)

 	{

 	ReserveFreeCapacityGrowExponentialL(aFmt.Length() + KDefaultExpandSize); // We use aFmt as a hint

 	for (;;)

 		{

 		TInt before = Length();

 		TRetryOverflow8 overflow;

 		RBuf8::AppendFormatList(aFmt, aList, &overflow);

 		if (overflow.iOverflow)

 			{

 			SetLengthL(before); // Can't leave

 			ReserveCapacityGrowExponentialL();

 			}

 		else

 			{

 			break;

 			}

 		}

 	}

 /**

 Unlinks and transfers ownership of the specified 8-bit resizable descriptor's 

 buffer to this object. The source descriptor is detached from the buffer. 

 @param aString The source 8-bit resizable buffer. The ownership of this

              object's buffer is to be transferred.

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::Assign(const LString8& aString)

 	{

 	// free any previously owned resource

 	Reset();

 	RBuf8::Assign(aString);

 	// unlink buffer from original descriptor 

 	new (const_cast<LString8*>(&aString)) LString8();

 	}

 /**

 Transfers ownership of the specified 8-bit resizable descriptor's 

 buffer to this object. The source descriptor is detached from the buffer. 

 @param aRBuf The source 8-bit resizable buffer. The ownership of this

              object's buffer is to be transferred.

 @see RBuf8::Assign()

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::Assign(const RBuf8& aRBuf)

 	{

 	// free any previously owned resource

 	Reset();

 	RBuf8::Assign(aRBuf);

 	// reset the RBuf;

 	new (const_cast<RBuf8*>(&aRBuf)) RBuf8();

 	}

 /**

 Transfers ownership of the specified 8-bit resizable descriptor's this object. 

 @param aHBuf The heap descriptor to be transferred to this object. 

 			The ownership of this object's buffer is to be transferred.

 @see RBuf8::Assign()

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::Assign(HBufC8* aHBuf)

 	{

 	// free any previously owned resource

 	Reset();

 	RBuf8::Assign(aHBuf);

 	}

 /**

 Assigns ownership of the specified allocated memory to this object.

 @param aHeapCell The allocated memory to be assigned to this object. 

 				This pointer can be NULL, which means that a zero length 

 				8-bit resizable buffer descriptor is created.

 @param aMaxLength The maximum length of the descriptor.

 @panic USER 8 If the specified maximum length is greater then the size of the 

 				allocated heap cell, or the specified maximum length is NOT 

 				zero when the pointer to the heap cell is NULL.

 @see RBuf8::Assign()

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::Assign(TUint8 *aHeapCell, TInt aMaxLength)

 	{

 	// free any previously owned resource

 	Reset();

 	RBuf8::Assign(aHeapCell, aMaxLength);

 	}

 /**

 Transfers ownership of the specified 16-bit resizable descriptor's this object. 

 @param aHeapCell The allocated memory to be assigned to this object.

 @param aLength The length of the descriptor.

 @param aMaxLength The maximum length of the descriptor.

 @panic USER 8 If the specified maximum length is greater then the size of the 

 				allocated heap cell, or the specified length is greater then 

 				the specified maximum length, or the specified maximum length 

 				is NOT zero when the pointer to the heap cell is NULL.

 @see RBuf8::Assign()

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::Assign(TUint8* aHeapCell,TInt aLength,TInt aMaxLength)

 	{

 	// free any previously owned resource

 	Reset();

 	RBuf8::Assign(aHeapCell, aLength, aMaxLength);

 	}

 /**

 Creates an 8-bit resizable buffer descriptor that has been initialised with

 data from the specified read stream; leaves on failure.

 Data is assigned to the new descriptor from the specified stream.

 This variant assumes that the stream contains the length of the data followed

 by the data itself.

 The function is implemented by calling the HBufC8::NewL(RReadStream&,TInt)

 variant and then assigning the resulting heap descriptor using

 the RBuf8::Assign(HBufC8*) variant. The comments that describe

 the HBufC8::NewL() variant	also apply to this RBuf8::CreateL() function.

 The function may leave with one of the system-wide error codes,	specifically 

 KErrOverflow, if the length of the data as read from the stream is greater than

 the upper limit as specified by the aMaxLength parameter.

 @param aStream    The stream from which the data length and the data to be

                   assigned to the new descriptor, are taken.

 @param aMaxLength The upper limit on the length of data that the descriptor is

                   to represent. The value of this parameter must be non-negative

                   otherwise the	underlying function will panic.

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::CreateL(RReadStream &aStream,TInt aMaxLength)

 	{

 	Reset();

 	Assign(HBufC8::NewL(aStream,aMaxLength));

 	}

 /**

 Appends data onto the end of this descriptor's data.

 The length of this descriptor is incremented to reflect the new content.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aZeroTerminatedString     A pointer to a zero terminated string .

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 @see LString8::AppendL

 */

 EXPORT_C LString8& LString8::operator+=(const TUint8* aZeroTerminatedString)

 	{

 	AppendL(aZeroTerminatedString,User::StringLength(aZeroTerminatedString));

 	return *this;

 	}

 /**

 Appends data onto the end of this descriptor's data.

 The length of this descriptor is incremented to reflect the new content.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aZeroTerminatedString    A pointer to the data to be copied.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 @panic USER 17  if aLength is negative.

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::AppendL(const TUint8* aZeroTerminatedString)

 	{

 	AppendL(aZeroTerminatedString,User::StringLength(aZeroTerminatedString));

 	}

 /**

 Constructor to create a 8-bit resizable string descriptor containing

 a copy of the specified (source) zero-terminated character string data, or leave

 on failure.

 The constructor allocates sufficient memory so that this string

 descriptor's maximum length is the same as the length of the source

 string. Both the current length and the maximum length of this string

 descriptor are set to the length of the source string. 

 The data contained in the source string is copied into this string

 descriptor. The zero terminator is not copied.

 @param aCharStr A pointer to a zero-terminated wide character string

 @leave KErrNoMemory If there is insufficient memory.

 @see LString8::CopyL

 */

 EXPORT_C LString8::LString8(const char* aCharStr)

 	: iReserved(0)

 	{

 	CopyL(reinterpret_cast<const TUint8*>(aCharStr));

 	}

 /**

 Copies data into this 8-bit string descriptor, replacing any existing

 data, and expanding its heap buffer to accommodate if necessary.

 The length of this descriptor is set to reflect the new data.

 This operation may cause the target string descriptor's heap buffer to

 be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a result,

 MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards, and any

 existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be invalidated.

 Note that the automatic resizing performed is a change to the

 functionality of this operation compared to other descriptor

 classes. This change is only active on objects directly declared

 LString8; when LString8 instances are instead manipulated via

 references to TDes8 or TDesC8, the standard (non-resizing, panicing)

 variant is invoked.

 @param aCharStr A pointer to a character zero-terminated string

 @return A reference to this 8-bit string descriptor.

 @leave KErrNoMemory If the heap buffer of the string descriptor being

               assigned to needs to be expanded, but there is

               insufficient memory to do so

 @see LString8::CopyL

 */

 EXPORT_C LString8& LString8::operator=(const char* aCharStr)

 	{

 	CopyL(reinterpret_cast<const TUint8*>(aCharStr));

 	return *this;	

 	}

 /**

 Appends data onto the end of this descriptor's data.

 The length of this descriptor is incremented to reflect the new content.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aCharStr     A pointer to a character zero terminated string .

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 @see LString8::AppendL

 */

 EXPORT_C LString8& LString8::operator+=(const char*  aCharStr)

 	{

 	AppendL(reinterpret_cast<const TUint8*>(aCharStr),User::StringLength(reinterpret_cast<const TUint8*>(aCharStr)));

 	return *this;

 	}

 /**

 Copies data into this 8-bit string descriptor, replacing any existing

 data, and expanding its heap buffer to accommodate if necessary.

 The length of this descriptor is set according to the new

 parameter.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aCharStr    A pointer to a character zero terminated string to be copied. 

 @leave KErrNoMemory If the heap buffer of the string descriptor being

               assigned to needs to be expanded, but there is

               insufficient memory to do so

 @panic USER 11  if aLength is negative.

 @see TDes8::Copy

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::CopyL(const char*  aCharStr)

 	{

 	CopyL(reinterpret_cast<const TUint8*>(aCharStr));	

 	}

 /**

 Appends data onto the end of this descriptor's data and justifies it.

 The source of the appended data is a memory location.

 The target area is considered to be an area of specified width, immediately 

 following this descriptor's existing data. Source data is copied into, and 

 aligned within, this target area according to the specified alignment instruction.

 If the length of the target area is larger than the length of the source, 

 then spare space within the target area is padded with the fill character.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aCharStr     A pointer to a source memory location. 

 @param aLength     The length of data to be copied. If this is greater than the 

                    width of the target area, then the length of data copied is

                    limited to the width.

 @param aWidth      The width of the target area. If this has the specific negative 

                    value KDefaultJustifyWidth, then the width is

                    re-set to the length of the data source. 

 @param aAlignment The alignment of the data within the target area. 

 @param aFill       The fill character used to pad the target area.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 @panic USER 11  if aWidth has a negative value other than KDefaultJustifyWidth.

 @panic USER 17  if aLength is negative.  

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::AppendJustifyL(const char* aCharStr,TInt aWidth,TAlign anAlignment,TChar aFill)

 	{

 	AppendJustifyL(reinterpret_cast<const TUint8*>( aCharStr),aWidth,anAlignment,aFill);

 	}

 /**

 Appends data onto the end of this descriptor's data.

 The length of this descriptor is incremented to reflect the new content.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aCharStr    A pointer to the data to be copied.

 @param aLength The length of data to be copied.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 @panic USER 17  if aLength is negative.

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::AppendL(const char* aCharStr,TInt aLength)

 	{

 	AppendL(reinterpret_cast<const TUint8*>(aCharStr),aLength);

 	}

 /**

 Appends data onto the end of this descriptor's data.

 The length of this descriptor is incremented to reflect the new content.

 This leaving variant of the standard, non-leaving descriptor method

 differs in that this operation may cause the string descriptor's heap

 buffer to be reallocated in order to accommodate the new data. As a

 result, MaxLength() and Ptr() may return different values afterwards,

 and any existing raw pointers to into the descriptor data may be

 invalidated.

 @param aCharStr    A pointer to the data to be copied.

 @leave KErrNoMemory if the underlying buffer needs to be

 grown and there are insufficient resources to do so

 @panic USER 17  if aLength is negative.

 */

 EXPORT_C void LString8::AppendL(const char* aCharStr)

 	{

 	AppendL(reinterpret_cast<const TUint8*>(aCharStr));

 	}

 /**

 Determines whether this Descriptor's data is equal to the specified

 string's data.

 The comparison is implemented internally using the TDesC8::Compare() function.

 @param aCharStr The 8-bit character string whose data is to be compared 

             with this Descriptor's data. 

 @return True if equal, false otherwise. 

 @see TDesC8::Compare

 */

 EXPORT_C TBool LString8::operator==( const char* aCharStr) const

 	{

 	return LString8::operator==(reinterpret_cast<const TUint8*>(aCharStr));

 	}

 /**

 Determines whether this Descriptor's data is equal to the specified

 string's data.

 The comparison is implemented internally using the TDesC8::Compare() function.

 @param aZeroTerminatedString The 8-bit Zero TerminatedString string whose data 

 is to be compared with this Descriptor's data. 

 @return True if equal, false otherwise. 

 @see TDesC8::Compare

 */

 EXPORT_C TBool LString8::operator==( const TUint8* aZeroTerminatedString) const

 	{

 	return RBuf8::operator==(TPtrC8((aZeroTerminatedString), User::StringLength(aZeroTerminatedString)));

 	}

 /**

 Determines whether this descriptor's data is less than the specified

 strings's data.

 The comparison is implemented internally using the TDesC8::Compare() function.

 @param aCharStr The 8-bit character string whose data is to be compared 

             with this Descriptor's data. 

 @return True if this descriptor's data is less than that of the specified string's data

 @see TDesC8::Compare

 */

 EXPORT_C TBool LString8::operator<( const char* aCharStr) const

 	{

 	return LString8::operator<(reinterpret_cast<const TUint8*>(aCharStr));

 	}

 /**

 Determines whether this descriptor's data is less than the specified

 strings's data.

 The comparison is implemented internally using the TDesC8::Compare() function.

 @param aZeroTerminatedString The 8-bit Zero TerminatedString string whose data 

 is to be compared with this Descriptor's data. 

 @return True if this descriptor's data is less than that of the specified string's data

 @see TDesC8::Compare

 */

 EXPORT_C TBool LString8::operator<(const TUint8* aZeroTerminatedString) const

 	{

 	return RBuf8::operator<(TPtrC8((aZeroTerminatedString), User::StringLength(aZeroTerminatedString)));

 	}

 /**

 Determines whether this descriptor's data is less than the specified

 strings's data.

 The comparison is implemented internally using the TDesC8::Compare() function.

 @param aCharStr The 8-bit character string whose data is to be compared 

             with this Descriptor's data. 

 @return True if this descriptor's data is less than that of the specified string's data

 @see TDesC8::Compare

 */

 EXPORT_C TBool LString8::operator<=( const char* aCharStr) const

 	{

 	return LString8::operator<=(reinterpret_cast<const TUint8*>(aCharStr));

 	}

 /**

 Determines whether this descriptor's data is less than/equal to the specified

 strings's data.

 The comparison is implemented internally using the TDesC8::Compare() function.

 @param aZeroTerminatedString The 8-bit Zero TerminatedString string whose data 

 is to be compared with this Descriptor's data. 

 @return True if this descriptor's data is less than/equal to that of the specified string's data

 @see TDesC8::Compare

 */

 EXPORT_C TBool LString8::operator<=(const TUint8* aZeroTerminatedString) const

 	{

 	return RBuf8::operator<=(TPtrC8((aZeroTerminatedString), User::StringLength(aZeroTerminatedString)));

 	}

 /**

 Determines whether this descriptor's data is greater than the specified

 strings's data.

 The comparison is implemented internally using the TDesC8::Compare() function.

 @param aCharStr The 8-bit character string whose data is to be compared 

             with this Descriptor's data. 

 @return True if this descriptor's data is greater than that of the specified string's data

 @see TDesC8::Compare

 */

 EXPORT_C TBool LString8::operator>( const char* aCharStr) const

 	{

 	return LString8::operator>(reinterpret_cast<const TUint8*>(aCharStr));

 	}

 /**

 Determines whether this descriptor's data is greater than the specified

 strings's data.

 The comparison is implemented internally using the TDesC8::Compare() function.

 @param aZeroTerminatedString The 8-bit Zero TerminatedString string whose data 

 is to be compared with this Descriptor's data. 

 @return True if this descriptor's data is greater than that of the specified string's data

 @see TDesC8::Compare

 */

 EXPORT_C TBool LString8::operator>(const TUint8* aZeroTerminatedString) const

 	{

 	return RBuf8::operator>(TPtrC8((aZeroTerminatedString), User::StringLength(aZeroTerminatedString)));

 	}

 /**

 Determines whether this descriptor's data is greater than/equal to the specified

 strings's data.

 The comparison is implemented internally using the TDesC8::Compare() function.

 @param aCharStr The 8-bit character string whose data is to be compared 

             with this Descriptor's data.