/** @file  ../include/getopt.h

 @internalComponent

 */

 /** @fn  getopt_long(int argc, char * const *argv, const char *optstring, const struct option *longopts, int *longindex)

 @param argc

 @param argv

 @param optstring

 @param longopts

 @param longindex

 @return   If the flag field in struct option

 is NULL, getopt_long returns the value specified in the val field, which is usually just the corresponding short option.

 If flag is not NULL, this function returns 0 and stores val in the location pointed to by flag. This function returns ' : '

 if there was a missing option argument, ' ? '

 if the user specified an unknown or ambiguous option, and

 -1 when the argument list has been exhausted.

   The getopt_long function is similar to getopt but it accepts options in two forms: words and characters.

 The getopt_long function provides a superset of the functionality of getopt .

 The getopt_long function

 can be used in two ways.

 In the first way, every long option understood

 by the program has a corresponding short option, and the option

 structure is only used to translate from long options to short

 options.

 When used in this fashion, getopt_long behaves identically to getopt .

 This is a good way to add long option processing to an existing program

 with the minimum of rewriting.

  In the second mechanism, a long option sets a flag in the option

 structure passed, or will store a pointer to the command line argument

 in the option

 structure passed to it for options that take arguments.

 Additionally,

 the long option's argument may be specified as a single argument with

 an equal sign, e.g.,

 @code

 myprogram --myoption=somevalue 

 @endcode

 When a long option is processed, the call to getopt_long will return 0.

 For this reason, long option processing without

 shortcuts is not backwards compatible with getopt . It is possible to combine these methods, providing for long options

 processing with short option equivalents for some options.

 Less

 frequently used options would be processed as long options only. The getopt_long call requires a structure to be initialized describing the long

 options.

 @code

 The structure is: struct option {

 char *name;

 int has_arg;

 int *flag;

 int val;

 };

 @endcode

  The name field should contain the option name without the leading double dash.

  The has_arg field should be one of:

  no argument no argument to the option is expect required_argument  

  an argument to the option is required optional_argument  an argument to the option may be presented.

  If flag is not NULL, then the integer pointed to by it will be set to the

 value in the val field.

 If the flag field is NULL, then the val field will be returned.

 Setting flag to NULL and setting val to the corresponding short option will make this function act just

 like getopt .

  If the longindex field is not NULL, then the integer pointed to by it will be set to the index of the long

 option relative to longopts.

  The last element of the longopts array has to be filled with zeroes.

 Examples:

 @code

 #include <unistd.h>

 #include <stdio.h>

 #include <fcntl.h>

 #include <getopt.h>

 #include <errno.h>

 int main()

 {

     int bflag, ch, fd;

     int daggerset;            

     int argc = 3;

     char *argv[] = { "getopt", "--daggerset","hi" };   

     struct option  longopts[] = {    

       { "buffy",      no_argument,            NULL,           'b' },

       { "fluoride",   required_argument,      NULL,           'f' },

       { "daggerset",  no_argument,           &daggerset;,   1 },

       { NULL,         0,                      NULL,           0 }       

     };

     bflag = 0;

     while ((ch = getopt_long(argc, argv, "bf:", longopts, NULL)) != -1) {      

         switch (ch) {

                 case 'b':

                     printf("option is \"buffy\"

 ");

                 bflag = 1;

                 break;

                 case 'f':

                     printf("option is \"fluoride\"

 ");

                 if ((fd = open(optarg, O_RDONLY, 0)) == -1)

                         printf("unable to open %s", optarg);

                 break;

                 case 0:

                 if (daggerset) {

                         fprintf(stderr,"Buffy will use her dagger to apply 

 fluoride to dracula's teeth

 ");

                 }

                 break;

           default:

                 printf("unknown option

 ");

         }//end of switch

     }//end of while

 return 0;

 }

 @endcode

  Output

 @code

 Buffy will use her dagger to apply fluoride to dracula's teeth

 @endcode

 @see getopt()

 @publishedAll

 @externallyDefinedApi

 */

 /** @fn  getopt(int argc, char * const argv[], const char *optstring)

 @param argc

 @param argv[]

 @param optstring

 @return   The getopt function returns the next known option character in optstring. If getopt encounters a character not found in optstring or if it detects a missing option argument, it returns ' ? ' (question mark). If optstring has a leading ' : ' then a missing option argument causes ' : ' to be returned instead of ' ?. ' In either case, the variable optopt is set to the character that caused the error. The getopt function returns -1 when the argument list is exhausted.

   The getopt function incrementally parses a command line argument list argv and returns the next known option character.

 An option character is known if it has been specified in the string of accepted option characters, optstring.

  The option string optstring may contain the following elements: individual characters 

   and characters followed by a colon to indicate an option argument is to follow. 

   For example, an option string x recognizes an option "- x ", and an option string x: recognizes an option and argument "- x argument. " It does not matter to getopt if a following argument has leading white space.

  On return from getopt, optarg points to an option argument, if it is anticipated,

 and the variable optind contains the index to the next argv argument for a subsequent call

 to getopt. The variable optopt saves the last known option character returned by getopt.

  The variables opterr and optind are both initialized to 1.

 The optind variable may be set to another value before a set of calls to getopt in order to skip over more or less argv entries.

  In order to use getopt to evaluate multiple sets of arguments, or to evaluate a single set of

 arguments multiple times,

 the variable optreset must be set to 1 before the second and each additional set of calls to getopt, and the variable optind must be reinitialized.

  The getopt function returns -1 when the argument list is exhausted.

 The interpretation of options in the argument list may be cancelled

 by the option ' -- '

 (double dash) which causes getopt to signal the end of argument processing and return -1.

 When all options have been processed (i.e., up to the first non-option

 argument), getopt returns -1.

 Examples:

 @code

 #include <unistd.h>

 #include <stdio.h>

 #include <fcntl.h>

 #include <errno.h>

 #include <string.h>

 int main()

 {

         int argc = 3;

         char *argv[] =

          {

                  "getopt","-f","hi"

          };

         int bflag, ch, fd;

         bflag = 0;

         while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "bf:")) != -1) {

         switch (ch) {

         case 'b':

                 bflag = 1;

                 printf("option is 'b' \n");

                 break;

         case 'f':

                 printf("option is 'f' \n");

                 if ((fd = open(optarg, O_RDONLY, 0)) != 0) {

                         (void)fprintf(stderr,

                            "myname: %s: %s\n", optarg, strerror(errno));                

                 }                             

                 break;

         case '?':

                 printf("missing option!");

         default:

                 printf("unknown option!");

         }

 }

 argc -= optind;

 return 0;

 }

 @endcode

  Output

 @code

 option is 'f'

 myname: hi: No such file or directory

 @endcode

 Diagnostics:

  If the getopt function encounters a character not found in the string optstring or detects

 a missing option argument it writes an error message to the stderr and returns ' ?. '

 Setting opterr to a zero will disable these error messages.

 If optstring has a leading ' : '

 then a missing option argument causes a ' : '

 to be returned in addition to suppressing any error messages. Option arguments are allowed to begin with "-";

 this is reasonable but reduces the amount of error checking possible.

 @see getopt_long()

 Bugs:

  The getopt function was once specified to return EOF instead of -1.

 This was changed by -p1003.2-92 to decouple getopt from \#include \< stdio.h \> A single dash "-" may be specified as a character in optstring, however it should never have an argument associated with it. This allows getopt to be used with programs that expect "-" as an option flag. This practice is wrong and should not be used in any 

   current development. It is provided for backward compatibility only. Care should be taken not to use ' - ' as the first character in optstring to avoid a semantic conflict with GNU getopt, which assigns different meaning to an optstring that begins with a ' -. ' By default, a single dash causes getopt to return -1. It is also possible to handle digits as option letters.

 This allows getopt to be used with programs that expect a number ("-3")

 as an option.

 This practice is wrong, and should not be used in any current development.

 It is provided for backward compatibility only. The following code fragment works in most cases.

 @code

 int ch;

 long length;

 char *p, *ep;

 while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "0123456789")) != -1)

         switch (ch) {

         case ’0’: case ’1’: case ’2’: case ’3’: case ’4’:

         case ’5’: case ’6’: case ’7’: case ’8’: case ’9’:

                 p = argv[optind - 1];

                 if (p[0] == ’-’ Am]Am] p[1] == ch Am]Am] !p[2]) {

                         length = ch - ’0’;

                         ep = "";

                 } else if (argv[optind] Am]Am] argv[optind][1] == ch) {

                         length = strtol((p = argv[optind] + 1),

                             Am]ep, 10);

                         optind++;

                         optreset = 1;

                 } else

                         usage();

                 if (*ep != ’\0’)

                         errx(EX_USAGE, "illegal number -- %s", p);

                 break;

         }

 @endcode

 @publishedAll

 @externallyDefinedApi

 */

 /** @def optopt

 getopt(3) external variables. character checked for validity.

 @publishedAll

 @externallyDefinedApi

 */

 /** @def opterr

 getopt(3) external variables. if error message should be printed.

 @publishedAll

 @externallyDefinedApi

 */

 /** @def optind

 getopt(3) external variables. index into parent argv vector.

 @publishedAll

 @externallyDefinedApi

 */

 /** @def optarg

 argument associated with option

 @publishedAll

 @externallyDefinedApi

 */

 /** @def optreset

 reset getopt

 @publishedAll

 @externallyDefinedApi

 */

 /** @def no_argument 

 no argument required

 @publishedAll

 @released

 */

 /** @def required_argument

 argument is required

 @publishedAll

 @released

 */

 /** @def optional_argument

 argument is optional

 @publishedAll

 @released

 */

 /** @struct option

 Includes following members,

 @publishedAll

 @released

 */

 /** @var option::name

 name of long option 

 */

 /** @var option::has_arg

 one of no_argument, required_argument, and optional_argument: whether option takes an argument

 */

 /** @var option::flag

 if not NULL, set flag to val when option found

 */

 /** @var option::val

 if flag not NULL, value to set flag to; else return value

 */